The physiology in and around the scrotum and testes are a complex network of ducts and structures and if not in working order will have an effect on male fertility.  Structural issues can be due to genetic factors, trauma or idiopathic (unknown cause).   More common abnormalities include:

Testicular Torsion: when the testes twists on themselves and cut off the blood supply.

Cryptorchidism: when a testis is not in its normal position in the scrotum. Instead it’s in the abdomen or groin area.

Ductal Abnormalities: due to scar tissue from surgery or as a result of past/present infection.

Surgery is often the remedy in many of these cases but TCM and nutritional advice should be used post-operatively for a faster recovery.